After a mixed April, markets pulled back in May. The exception was the Nasdaq, which was up by just under 6 percent. Other U.S. markets were flat or down, and international markets declined. The primary headwinds were the debt ceiling debate (which may soon be solved) and signs that inflation is picking up again. Still, job growth beat expectations, and consumer and business confidence ticked up.

After a strong March, financial markets were mixed in April. U.S. markets were up by low single digits, bond markets showed small gains, but emerging markets pulled back. Concerns around inflation and the banking crisis lingered, contributing to the uncertainty about the Fed’s next move. Still, job growth remained at a healthy level, consumer confidence was up, and earnings data beat expectations.

U.S. markets were up by low single digits in March. For the quarter, the Nasdaq performed best, followed by international developed markets and the S&P 500. The primary driver was the progress on inflation, which is well below where it started the year. Still, fears of a broader banking crisis rattled markets after the Silicon Valley Bank collapse. Federal action resolved the immediate concern, but weak balance sheets could signal tighter financial conditions ahead.

After a strong January, markets softened in February. U.S. markets were down by low single digits, international markets dropped, and emerging markets performed worst of all. The primary drivers were the disappointing inflation data and rising longer-term interest rates. Still, job growth exceeded expectations, and service sector business confidence bounced back.

After a tough December, both U.S. and international markets showed gains in January. The primary drivers were the continued drop in inflation and the decline in longer-term interest rates. Despite the market gains, the economy showed signs of slowing, with consumer spending dropping for the second month in a row and a pullback in business confidence and investment.

December closed out a tough year for markets. The U.S. indices showed single-digit declines for the month, capping off drops for the year of about 7 percent for the Dow, more than 18 percent for the S&P 500, and 32 percent for the Nasdaq. The primary drivers were rising inflation and Fed rate increases. Still, job growth remained healthy, and consumer spending and business investment rose.

September was a bad month for markets, which were down between 8 percent and 12 percent for the month both here and abroad. The decline was driven by interest rates, which rose sharply. Despite the market pullback, there was some positive data for the last quarter. Job growth was down but remained strong by historical standards, and both major measures of consumer confidence rose.

After a strong rebound in July, markets pulled back again in August. U.S. and developed international markets ended the month down by 3 percent to 5 percent, and fixed income declined. The primary driver here was rising rates. Higher rates provide for lower stock market values, and with fears of a recession taking down expected earnings, the market had a double whammy. Still, there was good economic news. Job growth beat expectations, and consumer and producer inflation showed signs of peaking.