Over the past few years, many people have been looking for alternatives to the 60/40 portfolio (a portfolio allocation of 60 percent equities/40 percent fixed income)—and for good reason. The Fed’s massive intervention to lower interest rates made the 40 percent allocation to fixed income in the 60/40 portfolio much less attractive. With inflation reaching levels we haven’t seen in decades and the Fed set to push interest rates higher, people have been wondering whether fixed income still provides the protection of principal that many investors are looking for. The Bloomberg US Aggregate Bond Index’s worst quarter in more than two decades has certainly increased this concern. This pain, however, has put fixed income in a much healthier position going forward with higher starting yields able to cushion investors from further declines in price.
In the context of a 60/40 portfolio, fixed income is meant to lower the volatility of an all-equity portfolio while still allowing the investor to seek a reasonable rate of return. In the long run, equities should outperform fixed income, so if growth was the only long-term concern, investors would end up with equity-only portfolios. For many investors, though, volatility is also a concern, so fixed income plays a large part in the portfolio.
This is why the 60/40 portfolio became a popular and balanced investing strategy. But when rates fell to very low levels, we saw that fixed income investors were concerned with two things:
This led to some investors implementing several different strategies in order to address these concerns.
To tackle low return expectations, investors may have adjusted their 60/40 allocation to include more equities, moved into more illiquid products like private equity or private credit, or adjusted their 40 percent allocation to include higher-risk areas of the fixed income market. Each of these options has its trade-offs, but all of them add risk to the portfolio. This assumed that the investor could have taken on that risk or that the risk of those asset classes wasn’t a concern with the support of fiscal and monetary policy.
For investors worried that fixed income wouldn’t protect on the downside, they may have moved into bonds with shorter maturities to protect against rising rates, used derivatives to help protect against a market downturn, or added commodities to help hedge against rising inflation. Looking ahead, each option has its drawbacks, so traditional fixed income may provide better relative value than these alternatives.
Both strategies listed above offer tools to address certain market conditions and provide an argument for making changes to your allocation when market conditions change. But portfolios should have a target allocation that can be met under “normal” circumstances. While both equity and fixed income suffered during the first quarter, a balanced 60/40 approach may still make sense as a moderately aggressive portfolio for some investors. The equities can provide upside potential, while fixed income can help protect on the downside while still offering the chance for a positive yield.
Both equities and bonds fell in the first quarter as real yields and inflation expectations rose; this was an uncommon combination since rising real yields would be expected to slow inflation. The chart below is one of my favorites to show what level of interest you can expect after inflation. The white line is the 10-year Treasury, the blue line represents 10-year inflation expectations, and the bottom panel shows the difference, which represents the real rate of interest, a topic Brad discussed last month.
Source: Bloomberg, as of April 18, 2022
In the bottom panel, it’s apparent that real interest rates are close to zero and very close to pre-pandemic levels. Looking at the components of real rates, we see that inflation expectations (the blue line) are the highest they’ve been in the past 10 years, while nominal rates are less than 50 bps from their 10-year high, a level that was maintained only briefly before the pandemic. This rate spike is likely causing many to question whether the conservative investments they’ve been investing in are actually conservative.
The speed at which rates rose caused the pain in the first quarter, but it will be difficult for the market to repeat that spike given that it has priced in a significant number of Fed rate hikes. While it’s certainly possible for the Fed to become even more hawkish and inflation to remain stubbornly high, these risks are starting to be balanced out by the possibility of a recession or a slowdown in growth.
Source: Reuters
Another concern is that the Fed won’t be able to engineer a soft landing (i.e., bring down inflation without causing a recession). Looking back, you can see in the graph above that recessions have followed hiking cycles several times, so this could be a scenario where fixed income might benefit. On the other hand, there have been positive examples of soft landings as well, such as in 1994 (when the Fed doubled interest rates in just 12 months) and the most recent cycle starting in 2016. With companies and consumers in great shape, a soft landing is a good possibility and one where equities could perform well, which would help offset any potential weakness of fixed income.
The benefits of a 60/40 portfolio are due to the historic track record of low correlation between bonds and equities described above, which prepares it for a broad range of outcomes. We don’t want to only prepare for what just happened, especially in a very infrequent scenario. So, while the alternatives to a 60/40 portfolio can be useful tools in the toolkit, if rates are moving back toward neutral, as always, investors should take a long-term perspective, consider their investment objective, risk tolerance, and investment goals, and decide whether moving back to neutral makes sense for them.
Investments are subject to risk, including the loss of principal. Some investments are not appropriate for all investors, and there is no guarantee that any investing goal will be met.